Optimization of copper removal through spherical agglomeration: Effect of pH precipitation and the use of Agave spp. leaf extracts as biosurfactants

Abstract

This study investigated the feasibility and efficacy of calcium hydroxide as an alternative to NaOH in the spherical agglomeration process for copper removal in aqueous solutions. This research aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of Ca(OH)2 in precipitation stage by evaluating different pH levels (8.0 and 9.0), surfactant type (Extracts of leaf of A. tequilana and A. lechuguilla), dosages (0.3, 0.5 and 1.0 g/gCu), and initial copper concentrations (2.0, 5.0 and 10.0 mg/L), on Cu2+ removal through spherical agglomeration. The results showed that Ca(OH)2 is an effective alternative to NaOH, achieving high copper removal percentages in various experimental conditions (with an efficiency range of 54.63 to 98.73%). That is particularly relevant in contaminated water treatment applications where cost reduction and sustainability are necessary. The optimal operating conditions were identified (pH0 9.0, A. tequilana leaf extract as biosurfactant and a dose of 0.3g/gCu), such as a specific pH and an adequate dosage of surfactant, which maximized copper removal efficiency (98.73% of copper removal). These results provide valuable guidelines for the wastewater treatment industry and environmental management, where efficient removal of heavy metals is essential.

Keywords: Spherical agglomeration, copper removal, Agave spp., surfactant, pH process.

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