EXTRACTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PHISICOCHEMICAL, MORPHOLOGICAL, AND STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF CHITIN AND CHITOSAN FROM Brachystola magna (Girard)
Keywords:
insect, degree of deacetylation, molecular characterization, chitin, chitosan
Abstract
Chitin was isolated from the insect Brachystola magna using an acid-alkali treatment (1 M of HCl and NaOH) at high temperature (97 °C); it was then deacetylated to chitosan (NaOH 40 % /110 °C/ 5.5 h). The dry weight yields of chitin and chitosan were 10.4 and 8.1% respectively. Chitin and chitosan were characterized by infrared spectroscopy with Fourier transform, X-ray diraction, scanning electron microscopy, potentiometric titration and high-performance size-exclusion chromatography; they were compared with commercial chitin and chitosan. The results showed that the obtained chitin and chitosan had chemical structures comparable to commercial polymers, with similar physicochemical properties; the obtained chitosan had a deacetylation degree of 87 % and high molecular weight (25.8 kDa). Brachystola magna Girard could be considered as a potential source for obtaining chitin and chitosan in significant quantities and at low cost.
References
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Majt´an, J., B´ılikov´a, K., Markovi˘c, O., Gr´of, J., Kogan, G. y ˘Sim´uth, J. (2007). Isolation and characterization of chitin from bumblebee (Bombus terrestris). International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 40, 237-241.
Mena-Covarrubias, J. (2009). Control biol´ogico del chapul´ın Brachystola spp.(Orthoptera: Acrididae) con el uso del protozoario Nosemia locustae canning (Microspiridia: Nosematidas) en Zacatecas, M´exico.
Ottey, M. H., Vårum, K. M. y Smidsrød, O. (1996). Compositional heterogeneity of heterogeneously deacetylated chitosans. Carbohydrate Polymers 29, 17-24.
Paulino, A. T., Simionato, J. I., Garcia, J. C. y Nozaki, J. (2006). Characterization of chitosan and chitin produced from silkworm crysalides. Carbohydrate Polymers 64, 98-103.
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P´erez-Mart´ınez, A., de la Rosa, A. y De Le´on-Rodr´ıguez, A. (2014). Heterologous expression of Trichoderma atroviride endochitinase ech42 in Pichia pastoris at low and high dissolved oxygen tensions. Revista Mexicana de Ingenier´ıa Qu´ımica 13, 93-101.
Pillai, C. K. S., Paul, W. y Sharma, C. P. (2009). Chitin and chitosan polymers: Chemistry, solubility and fiber formation. Progress in Polymer Science 34, 641-678.
Qi, L., Xu, Z., Jiang, X., Hu, C. y Zou, X. (2004). Preparation and antibacterial activity of chitosan nanoparticles. Carbohydrate Research 339, 2693-2700.
Rinaudo, M. (2006). Chitin and chitosan: Properties and applications. Progress in Polymer Science 31, 603-632.
Rios, V. C., Berlanga, R. D. I., Valdez, L. R., Romo, C. A., Acosta, M. C. H., Zamudio, F. P. B., Sep´ulveda, A. D. R. y Jacobo, C. J. L. (2014). Caracterizaci´on y control microbial del chapul´ın gordinfl´on Brachystola magna Girard en frijol en el estado de Chihuahua (Folleto t´ecnico). Fundaci´on Produce Chihuahua [Online]. Available: http://siproduce.sifupro.org.mx/seguimiento/ archivero/8/2013/anuales/anu 499-25-2014-05- 4.pdf.
Sajomsang, W. y Gonil, P. (2010). Preparation and characterization of -chitin from cicada sloughs. Materials Science and Engineering: C 30, 357-363.
Salazar-Leyva, J., Lizardi-Mendoza, J., Ram´ırez- Suarez, J., Garc´ıa-S´anchez, G., Ezquerra-Brauer, J., Valenzuela-Soto, E., Carvallo-Ruiz, M., Lugo-S´anchez, M. y Pacheco-Aguilar, R. (2014). Utilizaci´on de materiales a base de quitina y quitosano en la inmovilizaci´on de proteasas: efectos en su estabilizaci´on y aplicaciones. Revista Mexicana de Ingenier´ıa Qu´ımica 13, 129-150.
Song, C., Yu, H., Zhang, M., Yang, Y. y Zhang, G. (2013). Physicochemical properties and antioxidant activity of chitosan from the blowfly Chrysomya megacephala larvae. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 60, 347- 354.
Sotelo-Boy´as, M., Valverde-Aguilar, G., Plascencia- Jatomea, M., Correa-Pacheco, Z., Jim´enez- Aparicio, A., Solorza-Feria, J., Barrera-Necha, L. y Bautista-Ba˜nos, S. (2015). Characterization of chitosan nanoparticles added with essential oils. In vitro effect on Pectobacterium carotovorum. Revista Mexicana de Ingenier´ıa Qu´ımica 14, 589-599.
Sun, T., Liu, X., Sun, G., Long, R. y Liu, Z. (2016). Grasshopper plague control in the alpine rangelands of the qilian mountains, China. A socio-economic and biological approach. Land Degradation & Development.
Wang, Y., Chang, Y., Yu, L., Zhang, C., Xu, X., Xue, Y., Li, Z. y Xue, C. (2013). Crystalline structure and thermal property characterization of chitin from Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba). Carbohydrate Polymers 92, 90-97.
Wu, J. y Meredith, J. C. (2014). Assembly of Chitin Nanofibers into Porous Biomimetic Structures via Freeze Drying. ACS Macro Letters 3, 185-190.
Wu, S. (2011). Preparation of chitosan from Clanis bilineata larvae skin using enzymatic methods. Carbohydrate Polymers 83, 1008-1010.
Yen, A. L. (2009). Edible insects: Traditional knowledge or western phobia? Entomological Research 39, 289-298.
Yen, M.-T., Yang, J.-H. y Mau, J.-L. (2009). Physicochemical characterization of chitin and chitosan from crab shells. Carbohydrate Polymers 75, 15-21.
Zhang, M., Haga, A., Sekiguchi, H. y Hirano, S. (2000). Structure of insect chitin isolated from beetle larva cuticle and silkworm (Bombyx mori) pupa exuvia. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 27, 99-105.
Zhang, Y., Xue, C., Xue, Y., Gao, R. y Zhang, X. (2005). Determination of the degree of deacetylation of chitin and chitosan by X-ray powder diffraction. Carbohydrate Research 340, 1914-1917.
Beil, S., Schamberger, A., Naumann, W., Machill, S. y van P´ee, K.-H. (2012). Determination of the degree of N-acetylation (DA) of chitin and chitosan in the presence of water by first derivative ATR FTIR spectroscopy. Carbohydrate Polymers 87, 117-122.
Broussignac, P. (1968). Chitosan, a natural polymer not well known by the industry. Chimie Industrie Genie Chimie 99, 1241-1247.
CESAVECH. (2013). Campa˜na contra el chapul´ın Chihuahua (tr´ıptico) [Online]. SAGARPA. Disponible en: http://www.senasica.gob.mx/ includes/asp/download.asp?IdDocumento= 26354&IdUrl=65888&down=true [Accesado 27 Agosto 2015].
Chandumpai, A., Singhpibulporn, N., Faroongsarng, D. y Sornprasit, P. (2004). Preparation and physico-chemical characterization of chitin and chitosan from the pens of the squid species, Loligo lessoniana and Loligo formosana. Carbohydrate Polymers 58, 467-474.
Duarte, M. L., Ferreira, M. C., Marv˜ao, M. R. y Rocha, J. (2001). Determination of the degree of acetylation of chitin materials by 13C CP/MAS NMR spectroscopy. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 28, 359-363.
Focher, B., Naggi, A., Torri, G., Cosani, A. y Terbojevich, M. (1992a). Chitosans from Euphausia superba. 2: Characterization of solid state structure. Carbohydrate Polymers 18, 43-49.
Focher, B., Naggi, A., Torri, G., Cosani, A. y Terbojevich, M. (1992b). Structural differences between chitin polymorphs and their precipitates from solutions-evidence from CP-MAS 13C-NMR, FT-IR and FT-Raman spectroscopy. Carbohydrate Polymers 17, 97-102.
Garc´ıa-Guti´errez, C. y Gonz´alez-Maldonado, M. (2009). Control biol´ogico de la plaga del chapul´ın (Orthoptera: Acrididae) en Durango, M´exico. Vedalia. Gardner, K. H. y Blackwell, J. (1975). Refinement of the structure of -chitin. Biopolymers 14, 1581-1595.
Kaya, M., Baran, T., Asan-Ozusaglam, M., Cakmak, Y. S., Tozak, K. O., Mol, A., Mentes, A. y Sezen, G. (2015a). Extraction and characterization of chitin and chitosan with antimicrobial and antioxidant activities from cosmopolitan Orthoptera species (Insecta). Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering 20, 168-179.
Kaya, M., Erdogan, S., Mol, A. y Baran, T. (2015b). Comparison of chitin structures isolated from seven Orthoptera species. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 72, 797-805.
Kaya, M., Lele˘sius, E., Nagrockait´e, R., Sargin, I., Arslan, G., Mol, A., Baran, T., Can, E. y Bitim, B. (2015c). Dierentiations of Chitin Content and Surface Morphologies of Chitins Extracted from Male and Female Grasshopper Species. PLoS ONE 10, e0115531.
Khor, E. (2014). 1 - Overview of Chitin and Chitosan Research. En: Chitin (Second Edition), (E. Khor ed.), Pp. 1-19. Elsevier, Oxford.
Kucukgulmez, A., Celik, M., Yanar, Y., Sen, D., Polat, H. y Kadak, A. E. (2011). Physicochemical characterization of chitosan extracted from Metapenaeus stebbingi shells. Food Chemistry 126, 1144-1148.
Kumar, S., Kumari, M., Dutta, P. K. y Koh, J. (2013). Chitosan Biopolymer Schi Base: Preparation, Characterization, Optical, and Antibacterial Activity. International Journal of Polymeric Materials and Polymeric Biomaterials 63, 173-177.
Lamarque, G., Chaussard, G. y Domard, A. (2007). Thermodynamic aspects of the heterogeneous deacetylation of -chitin: Reaction mechanisms. Biomacromolecules 8,1942-1950.
Liu, S., Sun, J., Yu, L., Zhang, C., Bi, J., Zhu, F., Qu, M., Jiang, C. y Yang, Q. (2012). Extraction and Characterization of Chitin from the Beetle Holotrichia parallela Motschulsky. Molecules 17, 4604-4611.
Lozano-Gutierrez, J. y. E. L., M.P. (2006). Enemigos naturales y control biol´ogico de Brachystola magna (Girard) y B. mexicana (Bruner) (Orthoptera: Acrididae) con Beauveria Bassiana en Zacatecas, M´exico. Vedalia 13, 91-96.
Majt´an, J., B´ılikov´a, K., Markovi˘c, O., Gr´of, J., Kogan, G. y ˘Sim´uth, J. (2007). Isolation and characterization of chitin from bumblebee (Bombus terrestris). International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 40, 237-241.
Mena-Covarrubias, J. (2009). Control biol´ogico del chapul´ın Brachystola spp.(Orthoptera: Acrididae) con el uso del protozoario Nosemia locustae canning (Microspiridia: Nosematidas) en Zacatecas, M´exico.
Ottey, M. H., Vårum, K. M. y Smidsrød, O. (1996). Compositional heterogeneity of heterogeneously deacetylated chitosans. Carbohydrate Polymers 29, 17-24.
Paulino, A. T., Simionato, J. I., Garcia, J. C. y Nozaki, J. (2006). Characterization of chitosan and chitin produced from silkworm crysalides. Carbohydrate Polymers 64, 98-103.
P´erez-Escobedo, A., D´ıaz-Flores, P. E., Rangel- M´endez, J. R., Cerino-Cordoba, F. J., Ovando- Medina, V. M. y Alcal´a-J´auregui, J. A. (2016). Fluoride adsorption capacity of composites based on chitosan-zeolite-algae. Revista Mexicana de Ingenier´ıa Qu´ımica 15, 139-17.
P´erez-Mart´ınez, A., de la Rosa, A. y De Le´on-Rodr´ıguez, A. (2014). Heterologous expression of Trichoderma atroviride endochitinase ech42 in Pichia pastoris at low and high dissolved oxygen tensions. Revista Mexicana de Ingenier´ıa Qu´ımica 13, 93-101.
Pillai, C. K. S., Paul, W. y Sharma, C. P. (2009). Chitin and chitosan polymers: Chemistry, solubility and fiber formation. Progress in Polymer Science 34, 641-678.
Qi, L., Xu, Z., Jiang, X., Hu, C. y Zou, X. (2004). Preparation and antibacterial activity of chitosan nanoparticles. Carbohydrate Research 339, 2693-2700.
Rinaudo, M. (2006). Chitin and chitosan: Properties and applications. Progress in Polymer Science 31, 603-632.
Rios, V. C., Berlanga, R. D. I., Valdez, L. R., Romo, C. A., Acosta, M. C. H., Zamudio, F. P. B., Sep´ulveda, A. D. R. y Jacobo, C. J. L. (2014). Caracterizaci´on y control microbial del chapul´ın gordinfl´on Brachystola magna Girard en frijol en el estado de Chihuahua (Folleto t´ecnico). Fundaci´on Produce Chihuahua [Online]. Available: http://siproduce.sifupro.org.mx/seguimiento/ archivero/8/2013/anuales/anu 499-25-2014-05- 4.pdf.
Sajomsang, W. y Gonil, P. (2010). Preparation and characterization of -chitin from cicada sloughs. Materials Science and Engineering: C 30, 357-363.
Salazar-Leyva, J., Lizardi-Mendoza, J., Ram´ırez- Suarez, J., Garc´ıa-S´anchez, G., Ezquerra-Brauer, J., Valenzuela-Soto, E., Carvallo-Ruiz, M., Lugo-S´anchez, M. y Pacheco-Aguilar, R. (2014). Utilizaci´on de materiales a base de quitina y quitosano en la inmovilizaci´on de proteasas: efectos en su estabilizaci´on y aplicaciones. Revista Mexicana de Ingenier´ıa Qu´ımica 13, 129-150.
Song, C., Yu, H., Zhang, M., Yang, Y. y Zhang, G. (2013). Physicochemical properties and antioxidant activity of chitosan from the blowfly Chrysomya megacephala larvae. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 60, 347- 354.
Sotelo-Boy´as, M., Valverde-Aguilar, G., Plascencia- Jatomea, M., Correa-Pacheco, Z., Jim´enez- Aparicio, A., Solorza-Feria, J., Barrera-Necha, L. y Bautista-Ba˜nos, S. (2015). Characterization of chitosan nanoparticles added with essential oils. In vitro effect on Pectobacterium carotovorum. Revista Mexicana de Ingenier´ıa Qu´ımica 14, 589-599.
Sun, T., Liu, X., Sun, G., Long, R. y Liu, Z. (2016). Grasshopper plague control in the alpine rangelands of the qilian mountains, China. A socio-economic and biological approach. Land Degradation & Development.
Wang, Y., Chang, Y., Yu, L., Zhang, C., Xu, X., Xue, Y., Li, Z. y Xue, C. (2013). Crystalline structure and thermal property characterization of chitin from Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba). Carbohydrate Polymers 92, 90-97.
Wu, J. y Meredith, J. C. (2014). Assembly of Chitin Nanofibers into Porous Biomimetic Structures via Freeze Drying. ACS Macro Letters 3, 185-190.
Wu, S. (2011). Preparation of chitosan from Clanis bilineata larvae skin using enzymatic methods. Carbohydrate Polymers 83, 1008-1010.
Yen, A. L. (2009). Edible insects: Traditional knowledge or western phobia? Entomological Research 39, 289-298.
Yen, M.-T., Yang, J.-H. y Mau, J.-L. (2009). Physicochemical characterization of chitin and chitosan from crab shells. Carbohydrate Polymers 75, 15-21.
Zhang, M., Haga, A., Sekiguchi, H. y Hirano, S. (2000). Structure of insect chitin isolated from beetle larva cuticle and silkworm (Bombyx mori) pupa exuvia. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 27, 99-105.
Zhang, Y., Xue, C., Xue, Y., Gao, R. y Zhang, X. (2005). Determination of the degree of deacetylation of chitin and chitosan by X-ray powder diffraction. Carbohydrate Research 340, 1914-1917.
Published
2019-11-25
How to Cite
Monter-Miranda, J., Tirado-Gallegos, J., Zamudio-Flores, P., Rios-Velasco, C., Ornelas-Paz, J. de J., Salgado-Delgado, R., Espinosa-Solis, V., & Hernández-Centeno, F. (2019). EXTRACTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PHISICOCHEMICAL, MORPHOLOGICAL, AND STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF CHITIN AND CHITOSAN FROM Brachystola magna (Girard). Revista Mexicana De Ingeniería Química, 15(3), 749-761. Retrieved from http://rmiq.org/ojs311/index.php/rmiq/article/view/1028
Section
Biotechnology
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