Poly24316 Vol. 23 No. 3 (2024)

Vol. 23, No. 3 (2024), Poly24316 https://doi.org/10.24275/rmiq/Poly24316

Dosage of monomers in a polymerization reaction

Authors

D. Guzmán-Lucero, J.F. Palomeque-Santiago, A. Vega-Paz, J. Guzmán-Pantoja, N. V. Likhanova, F.J. Guevara-Rodríguez

Abstract

A model is proposed to estimate the dosage rate of monomers in a polymerization reaction. The model consists of a bimodal Gamma probability distribution function for describing the conversion velocity of monomers in a flask polymerization reaction (laboratory scale). The function of conversion percentage of monomers (the integral of the conversion velocity of monomers) is correlated with the experimental data. From this function, the conversion percentage of monomers is developed for a polymerization reaction, where monomers are added with a suitable dosage rate. The dosage rate of monomers is determined from a minimization procedure applied to the mean square deviation between the conversion percentage of the fast and slow monomers. In this way, the dosage rate of monomers is estimated to define the polymerization experiment on micro-plant scale. From these experiments, the resulting polymeric product (with 1 L or 5 L scale) is homogeneous and without residual monomers.

Keywords

Terpolymers, synthesis, Gamma distribution, dosage rate, micro plant.

References
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Today Commun., 35, 105709. www.doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2023.105709 Buback M., (1990). Free-radical polymerization up to high conversion. A general kinetic treatment, Makromol. Chem., 191 (7), 1575-1587. www.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1990.021910710 Buback M., Hutchinson R.A., Lacík I., (2023). Radical polymerization kinetics of water-soluble monomers, Prog. Polym. Sci., 138, 101645. www.doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2022.101645 Carraher C.E., (2013). Carraher’s Polymer Chemistry, CRC Press, NY, USA. www.doi.org/10.1201/9781315116600 Cortés J.A., Puig J.E., Morales J.A., Mendizábal E., (2011). Hidrogeles nanoestructurados termosensibles sintetizados mediante polimerización en microemulsión inversa. Revista Mexicana de Ingeniería Química, 10 (3), 513–520. Hutchinson R. A., Beuermann S., Paquet D. A., McMinn J. H., Jackson C., (1998). Determination of Free-Radical Propagation Rate Coefficients for Cycloalkyl and Functional Methacrylates by Pulsed-Laser Polymerization, Macromolecules, 31 (5), 1542-1547. www.doi.org/10.1021/ma971307u Jaeger W., Bohrisch J., Laschewsky A., (2010). Synthetic polymers with quaternary nitrogen atoms: Synthesis and structure of the most used type of cationic polyelectrolytes, Prog. Polym. Sci., 35 (5), 511-577. www.doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2010.01.002 López-Badillo, M., Velasco-Hernández, M., García-Castro, M., Aranda-García R., Galicia-Aguilar J., Guevara-Espinosa M., Carreón-Rodríguez V. (2020). Obtaining kinetic parameters of polyamide imide reaction. Revista Mexicana de Ingeniería Química, 19, Cat606. Mark J.E., (1999). Polymer Data Handbook, Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN: 9780195181012 Martínez-Vázquez N., Antonio-Cruz R. del C., Álvarez-Castillo A., Mendoza-Martinez A., Morales-Cepeda A. B., (2007). Swelling kinetic of hydrogels from methyl cellulose and poly(acrylamide). Revista Mexicana de Ingeniería Química, 6 (3), 337–345. Meyer T., (2003). Scale-Up of Polymerization Process: A Practical Example, Org. Process Res. Dev., 7 (3), 297-302. www.doi.org/10.1021/op025605p Ohara T., Sato T., Shimizu N., Prescher G., Schwind H., Weiberg O., Marten K., Greim H., (2011). Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, DOI: www.doi.org/10.1002/14356007 . Palomeque-Santiago J. F., Vega-Paz A., Likhanova N. V., Guzmán-Lucero D., Guevara-Rodríguez F. de J., (2022). Effect of Ionic Strength on the Polymerization of Acrylamide, N-Vinylpyrrolidone and Vinylbenzyl trimethylammonium chloride, Chemistry Select, 7 (20), e202103641. www.doi.org/10.1002/slct.202103641 Preusser C., Chovancová A., Lacík I., Hutchinson R.A., (2016). Modeling the Radical Batch Homopolymerization of Acrylamide in Aqueous Solution, Macromol. React. Eng., 10 (5), 490-501. www.doi.org/10.1002/mren.201500076 Ray B., Mandal B.M., (1999). Dispersion polymerization of acrylamide: Part II. 2,2-Azobisisobutyronitrile initiator, J. Polym. Sci. A Polym. Chem., 37 (4), 493-499. www.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0518(19990215)37:4<493::AID-POLA13>3.0.CO;2-Y Santanakrishnan S., Tang L., Hutchinson R.A., Stach M., Lacík I., Schrooten J., Hesse P., Buback M., (2010). Kinetics and Modeling of Batch and Semibatch Aqueous-Phase NVP Free-Radical Polymerization, Macromol. React. Eng., 4 (8), 499-509. www.doi.org/10.1002/mren.201000007 Teleshov E.N., Bune E.V., Gromov V. F., (1994). Characteristic features of the radical polymerisation of water-soluble monomers, Russ. Chem. Rev., 63 (3), 507-517. www.doi.org/10.1070/RC1994v063n06ABEH000101 Vasile C., Saade H., Torres S., Barrera C., Sánchez J., Garza Y., López R.G., (2015). Effect of pH and Monomer Dosing Rate in the Anionic Polymerization of Ethyl Cyanoacrylate in Semicontinuous Operation, Int. J. Polym. Sci., 2015, 827059. www.doi.org/10.1155/2015/827059 Williams P.A., (2007). Handbook of Industrial Water-Soluble Polymers, Wiley-Blackwell, USA.ISBN: 978-1-405-13242-8 Ye Q., He W., Ge X., Jia H., Liu H., Zhang Z., (2002). Formation of monodisperse polyacrylamide particles by radiation-induced dispersion polymerization. I. Synthesis and polymerization kinetics, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 86 (10), 2567-2573. www.doi.org/10.1002/app.11170

References

Abramowitz M., Stegun, I.A. (1972). Handbook of mathematical functions, Dover publication, NY, USA. ISBN-13: ‎ 978-0486612720
Bailey B., Crabtree M., Tyrie J., Elphick J., Kuchuk F., Romano C., Roodhart L., (2000).
Review on the Estimating the Effective Way for Managing the Produced Water: Case Study. Oilfield Rev., 12 (1), 30-51. www.doi.org/10.4236/ojmh.2021.112002
Barner-Kowollik C., Beuermann S., Buback M., Hutchinson R.A., Junkers T., Kattner H., Manders B., Nikitin A.N., Russell G.T., van Herk A.M., (2017). Critically Evaluated Rate Coefficients in Radical Polymerization. Propagation Rate Coefficients for Vinyl Acetate in Bulk, Macromol. Chem. Phys., 218 (1), 1600357. www.doi.org/10.1002/macp.201600357
Bazaldua-Domínguez M., Vega-Paz A., Likhanova N.V., Martínez-Palou R., Guzmán-Lucero D., (2023). In-situ 1H NMR measurements of reactivity ratios and thermal properties for copolymerization of N-vinylpyrrolidone and 1-vinyl-3-butylimidazolium bromide, Mater. Today Commun., 35, 105709. www.doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2023.105709
Buback M., (1990). Free-radical polymerization up to high conversion. A general kinetic treatment, Makromol. Chem., 191 (7), 1575-1587. www.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1990.021910710
Buback M., Hutchinson R.A., Lacík I., (2023). Radical polymerization kinetics of water-soluble monomers, Prog. Polym. Sci., 138, 101645. www.doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2022.101645
Carraher C.E., (2013). Carraher’s Polymer Chemistry, CRC Press, NY, USA.
www.doi.org/10.1201/9781315116600
Cortés J.A., Puig J.E., Morales J.A., Mendizábal E., (2011). Hidrogeles nanoestructurados termosensibles sintetizados mediante polimerización en microemulsión inversa. Revista Mexicana de Ingeniería Química, 10 (3), 513–520.
Hutchinson R. A., Beuermann S., Paquet D. A., McMinn J. H., Jackson C., (1998).
Determination of Free-Radical Propagation Rate Coefficients for Cycloalkyl and Functional Methacrylates by Pulsed-Laser Polymerization, Macromolecules, 31 (5), 1542-1547. www.doi.org/10.1021/ma971307u
Jaeger W., Bohrisch J., Laschewsky A., (2010). Synthetic polymers with quaternary nitrogen atoms: Synthesis and structure of the most used type of cationic polyelectrolytes, Prog. Polym. Sci., 35 (5), 511-577. www.doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2010.01.002
López-Badillo, M., Velasco-Hernández, M., García-Castro, M., Aranda-García R., Galicia-Aguilar J., Guevara-Espinosa M., Carreón-Rodríguez V. (2020). Obtaining kinetic parameters of polyamide imide reaction. Revista Mexicana de Ingeniería Química, 19, Cat606.
Mark J.E., (1999). Polymer Data Handbook, Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN: 9780195181012
Martínez-Vázquez N., Antonio-Cruz R. del C., Álvarez-Castillo A., Mendoza-Martinez A., Morales-Cepeda A. B., (2007). Swelling kinetic of hydrogels from methyl cellulose and poly(acrylamide). Revista Mexicana de Ingeniería Química, 6 (3), 337–345.
Meyer T., (2003). Scale-Up of Polymerization Process: A Practical Example, Org. Process Res. Dev., 7 (3), 297-302. www.doi.org/10.1021/op025605p
Ohara T., Sato T., Shimizu N., Prescher G., Schwind H., Weiberg O., Marten K., Greim H., (2011). Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, DOI: www.doi.org/10.1002/14356007 .
Palomeque-Santiago J. F., Vega-Paz A., Likhanova N. V., Guzmán-Lucero D., Guevara-Rodríguez F. de J., (2022). Effect of Ionic Strength on the Polymerization of Acrylamide, N-Vinylpyrrolidone and Vinylbenzyl trimethylammonium chloride, Chemistry Select, 7 (20), e202103641. www.doi.org/10.1002/slct.202103641
Preusser C., Chovancová A., Lacík I., Hutchinson R.A., (2016). Modeling the Radical Batch Homopolymerization of Acrylamide in Aqueous Solution, Macromol. React. Eng., 10 (5), 490-501. www.doi.org/10.1002/mren.201500076
Ray B., Mandal B.M., (1999). Dispersion polymerization of acrylamide: Part II. 2,2-Azobisisobutyronitrile initiator, J. Polym. Sci. A Polym. Chem., 37 (4), 493-499. www.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0518(19990215)37:4<493::AID-POLA13>3.0.CO;2-Y
Santanakrishnan S., Tang L., Hutchinson R.A., Stach M., Lacík I., Schrooten J., Hesse P., Buback M., (2010). Kinetics and Modeling of Batch and Semibatch Aqueous-Phase NVP Free-Radical Polymerization, Macromol. React. Eng., 4 (8), 499-509. www.doi.org/10.1002/mren.201000007
Teleshov E.N., Bune E.V., Gromov V. F., (1994). Characteristic features of the radical polymerisation of water-soluble monomers, Russ. Chem. Rev., 63 (3), 507-517. www.doi.org/10.1070/RC1994v063n06ABEH000101
Vasile C., Saade H., Torres S., Barrera C., Sánchez J., Garza Y., López R.G., (2015). Effect of pH and Monomer Dosing Rate in the Anionic Polymerization of Ethyl Cyanoacrylate in Semicontinuous Operation, Int. J. Polym. Sci., 2015, 827059. www.doi.org/10.1155/2015/827059
Williams P.A., (2007). Handbook of Industrial Water-Soluble Polymers, Wiley-Blackwell, USA.ISBN: 978-1-405-13242-8
Ye Q., He W., Ge X., Jia H., Liu H., Zhang Z., (2002). Formation of monodisperse polyacrylamide particles by radiation-induced dispersion polymerization. I. Synthesis and polymerization kinetics, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 86 (10), 2567-2573. www.doi.org/10.1002/app.11170