IA26786 Vol. 25 No. 2 (2026)

Vol. 25, No. 2 (2026), IA26786 https://doi.org/10.24275/rmiq/IA26786

Application of Electro-Fenton methods in the remediation of the Nexapa River

Authors

N. J. Camarón-Morales, M. A. Pérez-Cruz, M. Sánchez-Cruz, E. Aguilar-García, R. Torralba-Sánchez, G. Vidal-García, M. P. González-Aráoz, D. J. Caballero-Jiménez

Abstract

This research evaluates the effectiveness of the Electro-Fenton (EF) treatment in removing contaminants from water samples collected from the Nexapa River in Puebla, Mexico. Previous studies in the area reported elevated levels of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), as well as Cr and As levels exceeding the limits set by Mexican Official Standards. A series of EF experiments were performed in electrolytic cells by varying the applied voltage, treatment time, and H2O2 dosage to identify the optimal conditions for removing contaminants. Optimal operating conditions of 9 V for 5 min with 0.05 mL of H2O2 led to a COD reduction of up to 93.5% and decreases of 62.5% and 93.53% in Cr and As concentrations, respectively. UV–Vis analysis proved to be a reliable tool for monitoring the progressive elimination of organic compounds, showing a direct relationship with the COD values. The reductions in total Cr and As levels were determined using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Gravimetric analysis established the optimal treatment ratio for [COD]:[Fe2+]:[H2O2] at 1:2.4:0.85 ppm. The experiments were performed under batch conditions, and the results confirm the efficiency of the EF process for treating contaminated water in this region and provide a solid preliminary basis for further studies aimed at designing an efficient and sustainable treatment alternative.

Keywords

advanced oxidation processes, electrochemistry, Electro-Fenton, water pollution.

References
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References

Aaron, J. J., & Oturan, M. A. (2001). New photochemical and electrochemical methods for the degradation of pesticides in aqueous media. Environmental Applications. Turk. J. Chem., 25(4), 509–520. https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/chem/vol25/iss4/15.
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Anotai, J., Su, C. C., Tsai, Y. C., & Lu, M. C. (2010). Effect of hydrogen peroxide on aniline oxidation by electro-Fenton and fluidized-bed Fenton processes.Journal of Hazardous Materials, 183(1–3),888–893. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.07.112.
Arroyo Ortega, I. F., García Zamora, J. L., Herrera Cárdenas, J. A., & Torres Ramírez, E. (2025). Herramientas SIG para la evaluación de la contaminación en el río Nexapa. Revista MIX-TEC, 5(9), 17–30. http://mixtec.utim.edu.mx/articulosv9/articulo02.pdf.
Benatti, C. T., Costa, A. C., & Tavares, C. R. (2009). Characterization of solids originating from the Fenton’s process. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 163(2–3), 1246–1253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.07.094.
Benatti, C. T., Tavares, C. R., & Guedes, T. A. (2006). Optimization of Fenton’s oxidation of chemical laboratory wastewaters using the response surface methodology. Journal of Environmental Management, 80(1), 66–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2005.08.014.
Brillas, E., Sirés, I., & Oturan, M. A. (2009). Electro-Fenton process and related electrochemical technologies based on Fenton’s reaction chemistry. Chemical Reviews, 109(12), 6570–6631. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr900136g.
Cheng, S., et al. (2022). Comparison of Fenton and ozone oxidation for pretreatment of petrochemical wastewater: COD removal and biodegradability improvement mechanism. Separations, 9(7),179. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations9070179.
Cosme-Torres, I., & Illescas-Martinez, F. J. (2025). Heterogeneous photo-Fenton treatment in the degradation of indigo carmine (IC) by using ZeoSonFe as a catalyst through an experimental design. Revista Mexicana de Ingeniería Química, 24(2). https://doi.org/10.24275/rmiq/IA25520.
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De Jara, E. M., García-Hernández, E., Quequezana-Bedregal, M. J., Arrieta-González, C. D., Salgado-Delgado, R., Lastarria-Tapia, H., & Castañón-Vilca, J. A. (2020). Potato starch-based films: Effects of glycerol and montmorillonite nanoclay concentration.Revista Mexicana de Ingeniería Química, 19(2), 627-637. https://doi.org/10.24275/rmiq/Bio823.
Delil, A. D. & Gören, N. Treatment of sugar industry wastewater with Fenton and electro-Fenton: response surface methodology approach on Fenton process. ECOCEE. (2019). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334965681.
Dewil, R., Baeyens, J., & Neyens, E. (2005). Fenton peroxidation improves the drying performance of waste activated sludge. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 117(2–3), 161–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2004.09.025.
Ding, H., Ma, Q., Zhang, X., Wang, C., You, N., & Deng, S. (2025). Material design and operation strategy of the electro-Fenton system for the treatment of high pollutant load wastewater. Sustainability, 17, 10501. https://doi.org/10.3390/su172310501
Domínguez-Montero, L. E., Poggi-Varaldo, H. M., Cañizares-Villanueva, R. O., Padilla-Viveros, A. A., Rinderknecht-Seijas, N., Caffarel-Méndez, S., & Cruz-Burelo, E. (2024). Regulaciones para la descarga de aguas residuales de México: Comparación con otros países y su cumplimiento en plantas de tratamiento seleccionadas. Revista Internacional de Contaminación Ambiental, 40, 289–311. https://doi.org/10.20937/RICA.54362.
Fenton, H. J. H. (1894). Oxidation of tartaric acid in presence of iron. Journal of the Chemical Society, Transactions, 65, 899–910. https://doi.org/10.1039/CT8946500899.
Gao, L., Cao, Y., Wang, L., & Li, S. (2022). A review on sustainable reuse applications of Fenton sludge during wastewater treatment. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 16(6), 77. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-021-1511-6.
Hadwan, M. H., Hussein, M. J., Mohammed, R. M., Hadwan, A. M., Al-Kawaz, H. S., Al-Obaidy, S. S. M., & Al Talebi, Z. A. (2024). An improved method for measuring catalase activity in biological samples. Biology Methods and Protocols, 9(1), bpae015. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomethods/bpae015.
He, H., & Zhou, Z. (2017). Electro-Fenton process for water and wastewater treatment. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 47(21),2100–2131. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2017.1405673.
Helms, J. R., Stubbins, A., Ritchie, J. D., Minor, E. C., Kieber, D. J., & Mopper, K. (2008). Absorption spectral slopes and slope ratios as indicators of molecular weight, source, and photobleaching of chromophoric dissolved organic matter. Limnology and Oceanography, 53(3), 955–969. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2008.53.3.0955.
Li, Y., Xie, S., Duan, Y., Qian, A., Yuan, S., Fortner, J. D., & Liao, P. (2026). Elucidating an unrecognized iron leaching mechanism via sequential reduction-oxidation of passivation layer on stainless-steel cathodes for electro-Fenton process. Water Research, 125617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2026.125617.
Lin, Y., Qiao, J., Sun, Y., & Dong, H. (2025). The profound review of Fenton process: What’s the next step? Journal of Environmental Sciences, 147,114–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2023.10.005.
Mahtab, M. S., Farooqi, I. H., & Khursheed, A. (2021a). Zero Fenton sludge discharge: A review on reuse approach during wastewater treatment by the advanced oxidation process. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 10, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-020-03121-0.
Medrano-Hurtado, Z. Y., Marcelo-Medrano, A., Jumilla-Corral, A. A., & Mayorga-Ortiz, P. (2024). Evaluation of an electrooxidation and UV system with solar energy for the treatment of washing machine greywater for toilet and urinal discharges Evaluación de un sistema de electrooxidación y UV con energía solar para el tratamiento de aguas grises de lavadoras en descargas de inodoros y urinarios. Revista Mexicana de Ingeniería Química, 23, IA24341. https://doi.org/10.24275/rmiq/IA24341
Navarro, A., Herrera, J., Marrugo, J., Bayona, J., & Morales, L. (2014). Microcontaminantes orgánicos en los ríos de México: El caso del río Nexapa. En M. Ramos & V. Aguilera (Eds.), Ciencias de la Ingeniería y Tecnología Handbook T-IV, pp. 49–63. ECORFAN Press, México.
Navarro, A., Herrera, J., Caso, L., & Marrugo, J. (2013). Calidad del agua del río Nexapa: Tendencias espacio-temporales y sus implicaciones. In Handbook TI, pp. 83–97. ECORFAN Press, México.
Navarro-Frómeta, A. E., Navarrete-Rosas, D., & Bayona-Termens, J. M. (2020). Addressing stressors to riverine water quality: The case of the Nexapa River. In Water Resources Management in Mexico, pp. 127–149. Springer, Alemania. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24962-5_6.
Navarro-Frómeta, A. E., Marrugo-Negrete, J. L., & Bayona-Termens, J. M. (2024). Presence of organic micropollutants in agricultural waters and soils. Terra Latinoamericana, 42, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.28940/terra.v42i0.1798.
Navarro-Frómeta, A. E., Crespo-Barrera, P. M., & Horta-Valerdi, G. M. (2025). Interbasin water transfer: The case of the Nexapa River, Mexico. MOJ Ecology & Environmental Sciences, 10(1), 1–3. https://doi.org/10.15406/mojes.2025.10.00338.
Nakamoto, K. (2009). Infrared and Raman spectra of inorganic and coordination compounds: Part A: Theory and applications in inorganic chemistry (6th ed.). Editorial John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey, E.U.https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470405840.
Neyens, E., & Baeyens, J. (2003). A review of classic Fenton’s peroxidation as an advanced oxidation technique. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 98(1–3),33–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3894(02)00282-0.
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