Sim25450 Vol. 24 No. 1 (2025)

Vol. 24, No. 1 (2025), Sim25450 https://doi.org/10.24275/rmiq/Sim25450

Development and validation of a prediction model for the extraction of Total Phenolic and its antioxidant activity from Dichondra argentea

Authors

S. Fernández-Avalos, L. González-Cruz, N.L. Flores-Martínez, A. Bernardino-Nicanor

Abstract

Dichondra argentea is used in traditional medicine to treat diseases such as cholecystitis, tonsillitis, gastritis, general body aches and cardiovascular problems. In addition, it is consumed for vomiting, fever, diarrhea and loss of appetite, but the biological activity attributed to it has not yet been demonstrated. Therefore, the aim of the present work was to optimize the extraction of total phenolics and their antioxidant activity from Dichondra argentea using water as an extractant. For this purpose, a response surface model was used that included the boiling time, the plant:solvent ratio and the type of sample drying as extraction parameters. The results showed that the optimal extraction conditions are 15 minutes of boiling, a plant-solvent ratio of 1 g of dried sample /55 mL water and convection drying. These conditions made it possible to obtain the highest antioxidant activities for the DPPH and FRAP methods (356.815 µg Trolox eq /g of dried extract and 274.77 µg Fe+2 eq /g of dried extract, respectively) as well as the highest content of phenolic compounds (3630.88 µg EAG/g of dried extract). It was also found that time had the greatest influence on the 3 responses. In addition, the optimized extract also had a high content of flavonoids, condensed tannins and saponins.

Keywords

phytochemicals, antioxidant, Dichondra argentea, aqueous extract, extraction conditions.

References
Abubakar, E.M., & Misau, M.S. (2017). Percentage yield and acute toxicity of the plant extracts of Ceiba pentandra grown in Bauchi State, North Eastern Nigeria. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 6, 1777-1779. Aguirre-Dugua, X., Castillo-Juárez, I., & del Mar Ruiz-Posadas, L. (2022). Usos actuales y potencial de las plantas aromáticas y medicinales. AgroDivulgación, 2, 53-63. https://doi.org/10.54767/ad.v2i2.52 Alara, O.R., Abdurahman, N.H., Mudalip, S.K.A., & Olalere, O.A. (2018). Characterization and effect of extraction solvents on the yield and total phenolic content from Vernonia amygdalina leaves. Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization, 12, 311-316. Azmir, J., Zaidul, I. S. M., Rahman, M. M., Sharif, K. M., Mohamed, A., Sahena, F., & Omar, A. K. M. (2013). Techniques for extraction of bioactive compounds from plant materials: A review. Journal of food engineering, 117, 426-436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2013.01.014 Belwal, T., Cravotto, C., Prieto, M.A., Venskutonis, P.R., Daglia, M., Devkota, H.P., & Cravotto, G. (2022). Effects of different drying techniques on the quality and bioactive compounds of plant-based products: A critical review on current trends. Drying Technology, 40, 1539-1561. https://doi.org/10.1080/07373937.2022.2068028 Benarfa, A., Gourine, N., Hachani, S., Harrat, M., & Yousfi, M. (2020). Optimization of ultrasound‐assisted extraction of antioxidative phenolic compounds from Deverra scoparia Coss. & Durieu (flowers) using response surface methodology. Journal of Food Processing And Preservation, 44. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpp.14514 Benzie, I.F., & Strain, J.J. (1999). Ferric reducing/antioxidant power assay: direct measure of total antioxidant activity of biological fluids and modified version for simultaneous measurement of total antioxidant power and ascorbic acid concentration. In: Methods in enzymology, Pp. 15-27. Academic press. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(99)99005-5 Bezerra, M.A., Santelli, R.E., Oliveira, E.P., Villar, L.S., & Escaleira, L.A. (2008). Response surface methodology (RSM) as a tool for optimization in analytical chemistry. Talanta, 76, 965-977. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2008.05.019 Bitwell, C., Indra, S.S., Luke, C., & Kakoma, M.K. (2023). A review of modern and conventional extraction techniques and their applications for extracting phytochemicals from plants. Scientific African, 19, e01585. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e01585 Braga, M.E.M., Seabra, I.J., Dias, A.M.A., & De Sousa, H.C. (2013). Recent Trends and Perspectives for the Extraction of Natural Products. In: RSC green chemistry series (Rostagno M.A and Prado J.M), pp. 231-284. Royal Society of chemistry https://doi.org/10.1039/9781849737579-00231 Brand-Williams, W., Cuvelier, M.E., & Berset, C. L.W.T. (1995). Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. LWT-Food science and Technology, 28, 25-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0023-6438(95)80008-5 Bruns, R.E., Scarminio, I.S., & de Barros Neto, B. (2006). Statistical design-chemometrics. Editorial Elsevier, USA. Cardador-Martínez, A., Jiménez-Martínez, C., & Sandoval, G. (2011). Revalorization of cactus pear (Opuntia spp.) wastes as a source of antioxidants. Food Science and Technology, 31, 782-788. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-20612011000300036 Cardenas-Sandoval, B.A., López-Laredo, A.R., Martínez-Bonfil, B.P., Bermudez-Torres, K., & Trejo-Tapia, G. (2012). Avances en la fitoquímica de Cuphea aequipetala, C. aequipetala var. hispida y C. lanceolata: Extracción y cuantificación de los compuestos fenólicos y actividad antioxidante. Revista mexicana de ingeniería química, 11, 401-413. Chou, C.J., Lin, L.C., Hsu, S.Y., & Chen, C.F (1993). Estudios sobre los componentes químicos de Dichondra Micrantha. Revista de Medicina Tradicional China, 4, 143-149. Clemeña, J.J.A., & Galarpe, V.R.K.R. (2017). Phytochemical profile of bark and leaf extracts of Jacquemontia paniculata (Convolvulaceae). International Journal of Biosciences, 11, 95-101. http://dx.doi.org/10.12692/ijb/11.3.95-101 Dailey, A., & Vuong, Q. V. (2015). Optimization of aqueous extraction conditions for recovery of phenolic content and antioxidant properties from Macadamia (Macadamia tetraphylla) skin waste. Antioxidants, 4, 699-718. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox4040699 Dangles, O. (2012). Antioxidant activity of plant phenols: chemical mechanisms and biological significance. Current Organic Chemistry, 16, 692-714. https://doi.org/10.2174/138527212799957995 de Hoyos-Martínez, P.L., Merle, J., Labidi, J., & Charrier–El Bouhtoury, F. (2019). Tannins extraction: A key point for their valorization and cleaner production. Journal of Cleaner Production, 206, 1138-1155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.09.243 Dhawan, D., & Gupta, J. (2017). Research article comparison of different solvents for phytochemical extraction potential from Datura metel plant leaves. International Journal of Biological Chemistry, 11, 17-22. Dongmo, F., Dogmo, S.S., & Njintang, Y.N. (2017). Aqueous extraction optimization of the antioxidant and antihyperglycemic components of Boscia Senegalensis using central composite design methodology. Journal of Food Science and Nutrition, 3, 15. https://doi.org/10.24966/FSN-1076/100015 Ennaifer, M., Bouzaiene, T., Chouaibi, M., & Hamdi, M. (2018). Pelargonium graveolens aqueous decoction: A new water-soluble polysaccharide and antioxidant-rich extract. BioMed Research International, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/2691513 Estrada-Zúñiga, M. E., Arano-Varela, H., Buendía-González, L., & Orozco-Villafuerte, J. (2012). Fatty acids, phenols content, and antioxidant activity in Ibervillea sonorae callus cultures. Revista mexicana de ingeniería química, 11, 89-96. Flores-Martínez, H., León-Campos, C., Estarrón-Espinosa, M., & Orozco-Avila, I. (2016). Process optimization for the extraction of antioxidants from mexican oregano (Lippia graveolens HBK) by the response surface methodology (RSM) approach. Revista Mexicana de Ingeniería Química, 15, 773-785. Fotakis, C., Tsigrimani, D., Tsiaka, T., Lantzouraki, D.Z., Strati, I.F., Makris, C., & Zoumpoulakis, P. (2016). Metabolic and antioxidant profiles of herbal infusions and decoctions. Food Chemistry, 211, 963-971. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.05.124 Galani, J.H.Y., Patel, J.S., Patel, N.J., Talati, J.G. (2017). Storage of Fruits and Vegetables in Refrigerator Increases their Phenolic Acids but Decreases the Total Phenolics, Anthocyanins and Vitamin C with Subsequent Loss of their Antioxidant Capacity. Antioxidants, 6, 59. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox6030059 García, R.G. (2015). Plantas medicinales de Aguascalientes. Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, México. García-Márquez, E., Román-Guerrero, A., Pérez-Alonso, C., Cruz-Sosa, F., Jiménez-Alvarado, R., & Vernon-Carter, E. J. (2012). Effect of solvent-temperature extraction conditions on the initial antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of muitle extracts and their decay upon storage at different pH. Revista mexicana de ingeniería química, 11, 1-10. Gil-Martín, E., Forbes-Hernández, T., Romero, A., Cianciosi, D., Giampieri, F., & Battino, M. (2022). Influence of the extraction method on the recovery of bioactive phenolic compounds from food industry by-products. Food Chemistry, 378, 131918. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131918 Gogoi, P., Chutia, P., Singh, P., & Mahanta, C. L. (2019). Effect of optimized ultrasound‐assisted aqueous and ethanolic extraction of Pleurotus citrinopileatus mushroom on total phenol, flavonoids and antioxidant properties. Journal of food process engineering, 42, e13172. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpe.13172 Goldsmith, C.D., Vuong, Q.V., Stathopoulos, C.E., Roach, P.D., & Scarlett, C.J. (2014). Optimization of the aqueous extraction of phenolic compounds from olive leaves. Antioxidants, 3, 700-712. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox3040700 Hiai, S., Oura, H., & Nakajima, T. (1976). Color reaction of some sapogenins and saponins with vanillin and sulfuric acid. Planta médica, 29, 116-122. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0028-1097639 Ibrahim, R.M., Abdel-Salam, F.F. & Farahat, E. (2020) Utilization of Carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) Extract as Functional Ingredient in Some Confectionery Products. Food and Nutrition Sciences, 11, 757-772. https://doi.org/10.4236/fns.2020.118054 Ji, S., Yoo, T. K., Jin, S., Ju, H. J., Eom, S. H., Kim, J. S., & Hyun, T. K. (2020). Changes in the phenolic compounds profile, antioxidant and anti-melanogenic activity from organs of Petasites japonicas under different extraction methods. Revista Mexicana de Ingeniería Química, 19, 1453-1464. Juániz, I., Ludwig, I.A., Huarte, E., Pereira-Caro, G., Moreno-Rojas, J.M., Cid, C., & De Peña, M.P. (2016). Influence of heat treatment on antioxidant capacity and (poly) phenolic compounds of selected vegetables. Food chemistry, 197, 466-473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.10.139 Kähkönen, M.P., Hopia, A.I., Vuorela, H.J., Rauha, J.P., Pihlaja, K., Kujala, T.S., & Heinonen, M. (1999). Antioxidant activity of plant extracts containing phenolic compounds. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 47, 3954-3962. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf990146l Kashkouli, S., Jamzad, M., & Nouri, A. (2018). Total phenolic and flavonoids contents, radical scavenging activity and green synthesis of silver nanoparticles by Laurus nobilis L. leaves aqueous extract. Journal of Medicinal Plants and By-products, 7, 25-32. 10.22092/JMPB.2018.116725 Khalil, R. R., & Mustafa, Y. F. (2020). Phytochemical, antioxidant and antitumor studies of coumarins extracted from Granny Smith apple seeds by different methods. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 11, 57-63. https://doi/10.5530/srp.2020.2.10 Kumar, A.P.N., Kumar, M., Jose, A., Tomer, V., Oz, E., & Oz, F. (2023). Major phytochemicals: recent advances in health benefits and extraction method. Molecules, 28, 887. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28020887 Kunatsa, Y., Chidewe, C., & Zvidzai, C.J. (2020). Phytochemical and anti-nutrient composite from selected marginalized Zimbabwean edible insects and vegetables. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 2, 10002. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2020.100027 Ladas, E.J., Jacobson, J.S., Kennedy, D.D., Teel, K., Fleischauer, A., & Kelly, K.M. (2004). Antioxidants and cancer therapy: a systematic review. Journal of clinical oncology, 22, 517-528. https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2004.03.086 Lee, I.H., Chung, H.J., Shin, J.S., Ha, I.H., Kim, M.R., Koh, W., & Lee, J. (2017). Influence of boiling duration of GCSB-5 on index compound content and antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activity. Pharmacognosy Magazine, 13, 418. Luo, C., & Chen, Y.S. (2010). Optimization of extraction technology of Se-enriched Hericium erinaceum polysaccharides by Box–Behnken statistical design and its inhibition against metal elements loss in skull. Carbohydrate Polymers, 82, 854-860. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.06.005 Makkiyah, F. A., Rahmi, E. P., Susantiningsih, T., Marliani, N., Arista, R. A., & Nurcholis, W. (2023). Optimization of Graptophyllum pictum leaves extraction using a simplex centroid design focused on extracting flavonoids with antioxidant activity. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 13, 214-221. Martins, P.M., Thorat, B.N., Lanchote, A.D., & Freitas, L.A. (2016). Green extraction of glycosides from Stevia rebaudiana (Bert.) with low solvent consumption: A desirability approach. Resource-Efficient Technologies, 2, 247-253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reffit.2016.11.007 Mocan, A., Vlase, L., Vodnar, D.C., Gheldiu, A.M., Oprean, R., & Crișan, G. (2015). Antioxidant, antimicrobial effects and phenolic profile of Lycium barbarum L. flowers. Molecules, 20, 15060-15071. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules200815060 Muala, W.C.B., Desobgo, Z.S.C., & Jong, N.E. (2021). Optimization of extraction conditions of phenolic compounds from Cymbopogon citratus and evaluation of phenolics and aroma profiles of extract. Heliyon, 7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06744 Murador, D., Braga, A.R., Da Cunha, D., & De Rosso, V. (2017). Alterations in phenolic compound levels and antioxidant activity in response to cooking technique effects: A meta-analytic investigation. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 58, 169–177. https://doi:10.1080/10408398.2016.1140121 Muzitano, M.F., Bergonzi, M.C., De Melo, G.O., Lage, C.L.S., Bilia, A.R., Vincieri, F.F., Rossi-Bergmann, B., & Costa, S.S. (2011). Influence of cultivation conditions, season of collection and extraction method on the content of antileishmanial flavonoids from Kalanchoe pinnata. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 133, 132-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2010.09.020 Ozay, C., & Mammadov, R. (2019). Antioxidant activity, total phenolic, flavonoid and saponin contents of different solvent extracts of Convolvulus phrygius. Bornm. Current Perspextives on Medicinal & Aromatic Plants, 2, 23-28. https://doi.org/10.38093/cupmap.567809 Papoutsis, K., Pristijono, P., Golding, J.B., Stathopoulos, C.E., Bowyer, M.C., Scarlett, C.J., & Vuong, Q.V. (2016). Optimisation of aqueous extraction conditions for the recovery of phenolic compounds and antioxidants from lemon pomace. International Journal of Food Science & Technology, 51, 2009-2018. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijfs.13168 Rajendiran, D., Packirisamy, S., & Gunasekaran, K. (2018). A review on role of antioxidants in diabetes. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 11, 48-53. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i2.23241 Ramírez-Godínez, J., Jaimez-Ordaz, J., Castañeda-Ovando, A., Añorve-Morga, J., Salazar-Pereda, V., González-Olivares, L.G., & Contreras-López, E. (2017). Optimization of physical conditions for the aqueous extraction of antioxidant compounds from ginger (Zingiber officinale) applying a box-Behnken design. Plant foods for human nutrition, 72, 34-40. Ropiak, H. M., Ramsay, A., & Mueller-Harvey, I. (2016). Condensed tannins in extracts from European medicinal plants and herbal products. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis, 121, 225-231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2015.12.034 Rubanza, C.D.K., Shem, M.N., Otsyina, R., Bakengesa, S.S., Ichinohe, T., & Fujihara, T. (2005). Polyphenolics and tannins effect on in vitro digestibility of selected Acacia species leaves. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 119, 129-142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2004.12.004 Sagar, N.A., Pareek, S., & Gonzalez-Aguilar, G.A. (2020). Quantification of flavonoids, total phenols and antioxidant properties of onion skin: A comparative study of fifteen Indian cultivars. Journal of food science and technology, 57, 2423-2432. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-020-04277-w Schinella, G.R., Tournier, H.A., Prieto, J.M., De Buschiazzo, P.M., & Rıos, J.L. (2002). Antioxidant activity of anti-inflammatory plant extracts. Life sciences, 70, 1023-1033. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0024-3205(01)01482-5 Sheu, M.J., Deng, J.S., Huang, M.H., Liao, J.C., Wu, C.H., Huang, S.S., & Huang, G.J. (2012). Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Dichondra repens Forst. and its reference compounds. Food chemistry, 132, 1010-1018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.09.140 Silva, E., Rogez, H., & Larondelle, Y. (2007). Optimization of extraction of phenolics from Inga edulis leaves using response surface methodology. Separation And Purification Technology, 55, 381-387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2007.01.008 Sindhi, V., Gupta, V., Sharma, K., Bhatnagar, S., Kumari, R., & Dhaka, N. (2013). Potential applications of antioxidants–A review. Journal of pharmacy research, 7, 828-835. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jopr.2013.10.001 Soni, A., & Sosa, S. (2013). Phytochemical analysis and free radical scavenging potential of herbal and medicinal plant extracts. Journal of Pharmacognosy and phytochemistry, 2, 22-29. Sultana, N.B. (2012). Effect of drying techniques on the total phenolic contents and antioxidant activity of selected fruits. Journal Of Medicinal Plants Research, 6. https://doi.org/10.5897/jmpr11.916 Tan, P.W., Tan, C.P., & Ho, C.W. (2011). Antioxidant properties: Effects of solid-to-solvent ratio on antioxidant compounds and capacities of Pegaga (Centella asiatica). International Food Research Journal, 18, 557. Tay, P., Tan, C., Abas, F., Yim, H., & Ho, C. (2014). Assessment of Extraction Parameters on Antioxidant Capacity, Polyphenol Content, Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG), Epicatechin Gallate (ECG) and Iriflophenone 3-C-β-Glucoside of Agarwood (Aquilaria crassna) Young Leaves. Molecules, 19, 12304-12319. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules190812304 Universidad Autónoma de México. (2019). Atlas de las Plantas de la Medicina Tradicional Mexicana. Available at: http://www.medicinatradicionalmexicana.unam.mx/apmtm/termino.php?l=3&t=dichondra-argentea. Accessed: June 18, 2024. Yapo, B.M., Besson, V., Beourou, S., & Koffi, K. (2014). Optimization of water-extract of phenolic and antioxidant compounds from kinkéliba (Combretum micranthum) leaves. African Journal of Food Science Research, 2, 37-43. Yuming, L., Guangyi, L., Jianxin, Z., Kongyun, W., Bixue, X., & Bo, L. (2002). Studies on chemical constituents of Dichondra repens. Zhongguo yao xue za zhi (Zhongguo yao xue hui: 1989), 37, 577-579.

References

Abubakar, E.M., & Misau, M.S. (2017). Percentage yield and acute toxicity of the plant extracts of Ceiba pentandra grown in Bauchi State, North Eastern Nigeria. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 6, 1777-1779.
Aguirre-Dugua, X., Castillo-Juárez, I., & del Mar Ruiz-Posadas, L. (2022). Usos actuales y potencial de las plantas aromáticas y medicinales. AgroDivulgación, 2, 53-63. https://doi.org/10.54767/ad.v2i2.52
Alara, O.R., Abdurahman, N.H., Mudalip, S.K.A., & Olalere, O.A. (2018). Characterization and effect of extraction solvents on the yield and total phenolic content from Vernonia amygdalina leaves. Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization, 12, 311-316.
Azmir, J., Zaidul, I. S. M., Rahman, M. M., Sharif, K. M., Mohamed, A., Sahena, F., & Omar, A. K. M. (2013). Techniques for extraction of bioactive compounds from plant materials: A review. Journal of food engineering, 117, 426-436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2013.01.014
Belwal, T., Cravotto, C., Prieto, M.A., Venskutonis, P.R., Daglia, M., Devkota, H.P., & Cravotto, G. (2022). Effects of different drying techniques on the quality and bioactive compounds of plant-based products: A critical review on current trends. Drying Technology, 40, 1539-1561. https://doi.org/10.1080/07373937.2022.2068028
Benarfa, A., Gourine, N., Hachani, S., Harrat, M., & Yousfi, M. (2020). Optimization of ultrasound‐assisted extraction of antioxidative phenolic compounds from Deverra scoparia Coss. & Durieu (flowers) using response surface methodology. Journal of Food Processing And Preservation, 44. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpp.14514
Benzie, I.F., & Strain, J.J. (1999). Ferric reducing/antioxidant power assay: direct measure of total antioxidant activity of biological fluids and modified version for simultaneous measurement of total antioxidant power and ascorbic acid concentration. In: Methods in enzymology, Pp. 15-27. Academic press. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(99)99005-5
Bezerra, M.A., Santelli, R.E., Oliveira, E.P., Villar, L.S., & Escaleira, L.A. (2008). Response surface methodology (RSM) as a tool for optimization in analytical chemistry. Talanta, 76, 965-977. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2008.05.019
Bitwell, C., Indra, S.S., Luke, C., & Kakoma, M.K. (2023). A review of modern and conventional extraction techniques and their applications for extracting phytochemicals from plants. Scientific African, 19, e01585. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e01585
Braga, M.E.M., Seabra, I.J., Dias, A.M.A., & De Sousa, H.C. (2013). Recent Trends and Perspectives for the Extraction of Natural Products. In: RSC green chemistry series (Rostagno M.A and Prado J.M), pp. 231-284. Royal Society of chemistry https://doi.org/10.1039/9781849737579-00231
Brand-Williams, W., Cuvelier, M.E., & Berset, C. L.W.T. (1995). Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. LWT-Food science and Technology, 28, 25-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0023-6438(95)80008-5
Bruns, R.E., Scarminio, I.S., & de Barros Neto, B. (2006). Statistical design-chemometrics. Editorial Elsevier, USA.
Cardador-Martínez, A., Jiménez-Martínez, C., & Sandoval, G. (2011). Revalorization of cactus pear (Opuntia spp.) wastes as a source of antioxidants. Food Science and Technology, 31, 782-788. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-20612011000300036
Cardenas-Sandoval, B.A., López-Laredo, A.R., Martínez-Bonfil, B.P., Bermudez-Torres, K., & Trejo-Tapia, G. (2012). Avances en la fitoquímica de Cuphea aequipetala, C. aequipetala var. hispida y C. lanceolata: Extracción y cuantificación de los compuestos fenólicos y actividad antioxidante. Revista mexicana de ingeniería química, 11, 401-413.
Chou, C.J., Lin, L.C., Hsu, S.Y., & Chen, C.F (1993). Estudios sobre los componentes químicos de Dichondra Micrantha. Revista de Medicina Tradicional China, 4, 143-149.
Clemeña, J.J.A., & Galarpe, V.R.K.R. (2017). Phytochemical profile of bark and leaf extracts of Jacquemontia paniculata (Convolvulaceae). International Journal of Biosciences, 11, 95-101. http://dx.doi.org/10.12692/ijb/11.3.95-101
Dailey, A., & Vuong, Q. V. (2015). Optimization of aqueous extraction conditions for recovery of phenolic content and antioxidant properties from Macadamia (Macadamia tetraphylla) skin waste. Antioxidants, 4, 699-718. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox4040699
Dangles, O. (2012). Antioxidant activity of plant phenols: chemical mechanisms and biological significance. Current Organic Chemistry, 16, 692-714. https://doi.org/10.2174/138527212799957995
de Hoyos-Martínez, P.L., Merle, J., Labidi, J., & Charrier–El Bouhtoury, F. (2019). Tannins extraction: A key point for their valorization and cleaner production. Journal of Cleaner Production, 206, 1138-1155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.09.243
Dhawan, D., & Gupta, J. (2017). Research article comparison of different solvents for phytochemical extraction potential from Datura metel plant leaves. International Journal of Biological Chemistry, 11, 17-22.
Dongmo, F., Dogmo, S.S., & Njintang, Y.N. (2017). Aqueous extraction optimization of the antioxidant and antihyperglycemic components of Boscia Senegalensis using central composite design methodology. Journal of Food Science and Nutrition, 3, 15. https://doi.org/10.24966/FSN-1076/100015
Ennaifer, M., Bouzaiene, T., Chouaibi, M., & Hamdi, M. (2018). Pelargonium graveolens aqueous decoction: A new water-soluble polysaccharide and antioxidant-rich extract. BioMed Research International, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/2691513
Estrada-Zúñiga, M. E., Arano-Varela, H., Buendía-González, L., & Orozco-Villafuerte, J. (2012). Fatty acids, phenols content, and antioxidant activity in Ibervillea sonorae callus cultures. Revista mexicana de ingeniería química, 11, 89-96.
Flores-Martínez, H., León-Campos, C., Estarrón-Espinosa, M., & Orozco-Avila, I. (2016). Process optimization for the extraction of antioxidants from mexican oregano (Lippia graveolens HBK) by the response surface methodology (RSM) approach. Revista Mexicana de Ingeniería Química, 15, 773-785.
Fotakis, C., Tsigrimani, D., Tsiaka, T., Lantzouraki, D.Z., Strati, I.F., Makris, C., & Zoumpoulakis, P. (2016). Metabolic and antioxidant profiles of herbal infusions and decoctions. Food Chemistry, 211, 963-971. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.05.124
Galani, J.H.Y., Patel, J.S., Patel, N.J., Talati, J.G. (2017). Storage of Fruits and Vegetables in Refrigerator Increases their Phenolic Acids but Decreases the Total Phenolics, Anthocyanins and Vitamin C with Subsequent Loss of their Antioxidant Capacity. Antioxidants, 6, 59. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox6030059
García, R.G. (2015). Plantas medicinales de Aguascalientes. Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, México.
García-Márquez, E., Román-Guerrero, A., Pérez-Alonso, C., Cruz-Sosa, F., Jiménez-Alvarado, R., & Vernon-Carter, E. J. (2012). Effect of solvent-temperature extraction conditions on the initial antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of muitle extracts and their decay upon storage at different pH. Revista mexicana de ingeniería química, 11, 1-10.
Gil-Martín, E., Forbes-Hernández, T., Romero, A., Cianciosi, D., Giampieri, F., & Battino, M. (2022). Influence of the extraction method on the recovery of bioactive phenolic compounds from food industry by-products. Food Chemistry, 378, 131918. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131918
Gogoi, P., Chutia, P., Singh, P., & Mahanta, C. L. (2019). Effect of optimized ultrasound‐assisted aqueous and ethanolic extraction of Pleurotus citrinopileatus mushroom on total phenol, flavonoids and antioxidant properties. Journal of food process engineering, 42, e13172. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpe.13172
Goldsmith, C.D., Vuong, Q.V., Stathopoulos, C.E., Roach, P.D., & Scarlett, C.J. (2014). Optimization of the aqueous extraction of phenolic compounds from olive leaves. Antioxidants, 3, 700-712. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox3040700
Hiai, S., Oura, H., & Nakajima, T. (1976). Color reaction of some sapogenins and saponins with vanillin and sulfuric acid. Planta médica, 29, 116-122. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0028-1097639
Ibrahim, R.M., Abdel-Salam, F.F. & Farahat, E. (2020) Utilization of Carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) Extract as Functional Ingredient in Some Confectionery Products. Food and Nutrition Sciences, 11, 757-772. https://doi.org/10.4236/fns.2020.118054
Ji, S., Yoo, T. K., Jin, S., Ju, H. J., Eom, S. H., Kim, J. S., & Hyun, T. K. (2020). Changes in the phenolic compounds profile, antioxidant and anti-melanogenic activity from organs of Petasites japonicas under different extraction methods. Revista Mexicana de Ingeniería Química, 19, 1453-1464.
Juániz, I., Ludwig, I.A., Huarte, E., Pereira-Caro, G., Moreno-Rojas, J.M., Cid, C., & De Peña, M.P. (2016). Influence of heat treatment on antioxidant capacity and (poly) phenolic compounds of selected vegetables. Food chemistry, 197, 466-473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.10.139
Kähkönen, M.P., Hopia, A.I., Vuorela, H.J., Rauha, J.P., Pihlaja, K., Kujala, T.S., & Heinonen, M. (1999). Antioxidant activity of plant extracts containing phenolic compounds. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 47, 3954-3962. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf990146l
Kashkouli, S., Jamzad, M., & Nouri, A. (2018). Total phenolic and flavonoids contents, radical scavenging activity and green synthesis of silver nanoparticles by Laurus nobilis L. leaves aqueous extract. Journal of Medicinal Plants and By-products, 7, 25-32. 10.22092/JMPB.2018.116725
Khalil, R. R., & Mustafa, Y. F. (2020). Phytochemical, antioxidant and antitumor studies of coumarins extracted from Granny Smith apple seeds by different methods. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 11, 57-63. https://doi/10.5530/srp.2020.2.10
Kumar, A.P.N., Kumar, M., Jose, A., Tomer, V., Oz, E., & Oz, F. (2023). Major phytochemicals: recent advances in health benefits and extraction method. Molecules, 28, 887. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28020887
Kunatsa, Y., Chidewe, C., & Zvidzai, C.J. (2020). Phytochemical and anti-nutrient composite from selected marginalized Zimbabwean edible insects and vegetables. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 2, 10002. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2020.100027
Ladas, E.J., Jacobson, J.S., Kennedy, D.D., Teel, K., Fleischauer, A., & Kelly, K.M. (2004). Antioxidants and cancer therapy: a systematic review. Journal of clinical oncology, 22, 517-528. https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2004.03.086
Lee, I.H., Chung, H.J., Shin, J.S., Ha, I.H., Kim, M.R., Koh, W., & Lee, J. (2017). Influence of boiling duration of GCSB-5 on index compound content and antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activity. Pharmacognosy Magazine, 13, 418.
Luo, C., & Chen, Y.S. (2010). Optimization of extraction technology of Se-enriched Hericium erinaceum polysaccharides by Box–Behnken statistical design and its inhibition against metal elements loss in skull. Carbohydrate Polymers, 82, 854-860. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.06.005
Makkiyah, F. A., Rahmi, E. P., Susantiningsih, T., Marliani, N., Arista, R. A., & Nurcholis, W. (2023). Optimization of Graptophyllum pictum leaves extraction using a simplex centroid design focused on extracting flavonoids with antioxidant activity. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 13, 214-221.
Martins, P.M., Thorat, B.N., Lanchote, A.D., & Freitas, L.A. (2016). Green extraction of glycosides from Stevia rebaudiana (Bert.) with low solvent consumption: A desirability approach. Resource-Efficient Technologies, 2, 247-253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reffit.2016.11.007
Mocan, A., Vlase, L., Vodnar, D.C., Gheldiu, A.M., Oprean, R., & Crișan, G. (2015). Antioxidant, antimicrobial effects and phenolic profile of Lycium barbarum L. flowers. Molecules, 20, 15060-15071. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules200815060
Muala, W.C.B., Desobgo, Z.S.C., & Jong, N.E. (2021). Optimization of extraction conditions of phenolic compounds from Cymbopogon citratus and evaluation of phenolics and aroma profiles of extract. Heliyon, 7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06744
Murador, D., Braga, A.R., Da Cunha, D., & De Rosso, V. (2017). Alterations in phenolic compound levels and antioxidant activity in response to cooking technique effects: A meta-analytic investigation. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 58, 169–177. https://doi:10.1080/10408398.2016.1140121
Muzitano, M.F., Bergonzi, M.C., De Melo, G.O., Lage, C.L.S., Bilia, A.R., Vincieri, F.F., Rossi-Bergmann, B., & Costa, S.S. (2011). Influence of cultivation conditions, season of collection and extraction method on the content of antileishmanial flavonoids from Kalanchoe pinnata. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 133, 132-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2010.09.020
Ozay, C., & Mammadov, R. (2019). Antioxidant activity, total phenolic, flavonoid and saponin contents of different solvent extracts of Convolvulus phrygius. Bornm. Current Perspextives on Medicinal & Aromatic Plants, 2, 23-28. https://doi.org/10.38093/cupmap.567809
Papoutsis, K., Pristijono, P., Golding, J.B., Stathopoulos, C.E., Bowyer, M.C., Scarlett, C.J., & Vuong, Q.V. (2016). Optimisation of aqueous extraction conditions for the recovery of phenolic compounds and antioxidants from lemon pomace. International Journal of Food Science & Technology, 51, 2009-2018. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijfs.13168
Rajendiran, D., Packirisamy, S., & Gunasekaran, K. (2018). A review on role of antioxidants in diabetes. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 11, 48-53. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i2.23241
Ramírez-Godínez, J., Jaimez-Ordaz, J., Castañeda-Ovando, A., Añorve-Morga, J., Salazar-Pereda, V., González-Olivares, L.G., & Contreras-López, E. (2017). Optimization of physical conditions for the aqueous extraction of antioxidant compounds from ginger (Zingiber officinale) applying a box-Behnken design. Plant foods for human nutrition, 72, 34-40.
Ropiak, H. M., Ramsay, A., & Mueller-Harvey, I. (2016). Condensed tannins in extracts from European medicinal plants and herbal products. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis, 121, 225-231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2015.12.034
Rubanza, C.D.K., Shem, M.N., Otsyina, R., Bakengesa, S.S., Ichinohe, T., & Fujihara, T. (2005). Polyphenolics and tannins effect on in vitro digestibility of selected Acacia species leaves. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 119, 129-142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2004.12.004
Sagar, N.A., Pareek, S., & Gonzalez-Aguilar, G.A. (2020). Quantification of flavonoids, total phenols and antioxidant properties of onion skin: A comparative study of fifteen Indian cultivars. Journal of food science and technology, 57, 2423-2432. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-020-04277-w
Schinella, G.R., Tournier, H.A., Prieto, J.M., De Buschiazzo, P.M., & Rıos, J.L. (2002). Antioxidant activity of anti-inflammatory plant extracts. Life sciences, 70, 1023-1033. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0024-3205(01)01482-5
Sheu, M.J., Deng, J.S., Huang, M.H., Liao, J.C., Wu, C.H., Huang, S.S., & Huang, G.J. (2012). Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Dichondra repens Forst. and its reference compounds. Food chemistry, 132, 1010-1018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.09.140
Silva, E., Rogez, H., & Larondelle, Y. (2007). Optimization of extraction of phenolics from Inga edulis leaves using response surface methodology. Separation And Purification Technology, 55, 381-387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2007.01.008
Sindhi, V., Gupta, V., Sharma, K., Bhatnagar, S., Kumari, R., & Dhaka, N. (2013). Potential applications of antioxidants–A review. Journal of pharmacy research, 7, 828-835. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jopr.2013.10.001
Soni, A., & Sosa, S. (2013). Phytochemical analysis and free radical scavenging potential of herbal and medicinal plant extracts. Journal of Pharmacognosy and phytochemistry, 2, 22-29.
Sultana, N.B. (2012). Effect of drying techniques on the total phenolic contents and antioxidant activity of selected fruits. Journal Of Medicinal Plants Research, 6. https://doi.org/10.5897/jmpr11.916
Tan, P.W., Tan, C.P., & Ho, C.W. (2011). Antioxidant properties: Effects of solid-to-solvent ratio on antioxidant compounds and capacities of Pegaga (Centella asiatica). International Food Research Journal, 18, 557.
Tay, P., Tan, C., Abas, F., Yim, H., & Ho, C. (2014). Assessment of Extraction Parameters on Antioxidant Capacity, Polyphenol Content, Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG), Epicatechin Gallate (ECG) and Iriflophenone 3-C-β-Glucoside of Agarwood (Aquilaria crassna) Young Leaves. Molecules, 19, 12304-12319. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules190812304
Universidad Autónoma de México. (2019). Atlas de las Plantas de la Medicina Tradicional Mexicana. Available at: http://www.medicinatradicionalmexicana.unam.mx/apmtm/termino.php?l=3&t=dichondra-argentea. Accessed: June 18, 2024.
Yapo, B.M., Besson, V., Beourou, S., & Koffi, K. (2014). Optimization of water-extract of phenolic and antioxidant compounds from kinkéliba (Combretum micranthum) leaves. African Journal of Food Science Research, 2, 37-43.
Yuming, L., Guangyi, L., Jianxin, Z., Kongyun, W., Bixue, X., & Bo, L. (2002). Studies on chemical constituents of Dichondra repens. Zhongguo yao xue za zhi (Zhongguo yao xue hui: 1989), 37, 577-579.