Vol. 25, No. 2 (2026), Proc26777 https://doi.org/10.24275/rmiq/Proc26777

Development of a predictive model for antioxidant recovery yield from “Cẩm” leaves using sustainable green extraction methods

 

Authors

L.T.K. Loan, L.T.N. Thao, C. Mansamut

Abstract

This research aimed to enhance the extraction process of antioxidant compounds from Peristrophe bivalvis L. Merr leaves utilizing hot water and ultrasound, employing two prediction modeling and optimization approaches: Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and an Artificial Neural Network integrated with a Genetic Algorithm (ANN-GA). The findings indicated that ultrasound intensity and extraction temperature were the primary factors influencing the recovery efficiency of polyphenols, anthocyanins, and antioxidant activity (DPPH), whereas the duration required necessitated optimal adjustment to minimize the degradation of sensitive compounds. The RSM model indicated optimal conditions at 45 min, 60% ultrasound intensity, and a temperature of 68°C, resulting in a total phenolic content (TPC) of 224.13 mgGAE/g, anthocyanin concentration of 50.25 mg/g, and a DPPH inhibition of 84.63%. The ANN-GA model demonstrated superior predictive accuracy, achieving an error margin below 2%. It resulted in TPC of 236.07 mgGAE/g, anthocyanin content of 50.46 mg/g, and DPPH inhibition of 85.45% under optimal conditions of 42.86 min, 60% sonication power, and a temperature of 62°C. The experimental results validated the accuracy of the ANN-GA model and demonstrated its significant application potential in the green extraction and optimization of plant-based food technology.

Keywords

ultrasound-assisted extraction; Peristrophe bivalvis; antioxidants; Response Surface Methodology; Artificial Neural Network – Genetic Algorithm.

References
  • Antony, A., & Farid, M. (2022). Effect of Temperatures on Polyphenols during Extraction. Applied Sciences  12(4), 2107. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12042107
  • Baker, M. T., Lu, P., Parrella, J. A., & Leggette, H. R. (2022). Consumer Acceptance toward Functional Foods: A Scoping Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health  19(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031217
  • Bhargava, N., Mor, R. S., Kumar, K., & Sharanagat, V. S. (2021). Advances in application of ultrasound in food processing: A review. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry  70, 105293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.105293
  • Bonto, A. P., Tiozon, R. N., Rojviriya, C., Sreenivasulu, N., & Camacho, D. H. (2020). Sonication increases the porosity of uncooked rice kernels affording softer textural properties, loss of intrinsic nutrients and increased uptake capacity during fortification. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry  68, 105234, Article 105234. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.105234
  • Brglez Mojzer, E., Knez Hrnčič, M., Škerget, M., Knez, Ž., & Bren, U. (2016). Polyphenols: Extraction Methods, Antioxidative Action, Bioavailability and Anticarcinogenic Effects. Molecules  21(7), 901. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21070901
  • Chemat, F., Abert Vian, M., Ravi, H. K., Khadhraoui, B., Hilali, S., Perino, S., & Fabiano Tixier, A.-S. (2019). Review of Alternative Solvents for Green Extraction of Food and Natural Products: Panorama, Principles, Applications and Prospects. Molecules  24(16), 3007. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24163007
  • Chen, F., Su, X., Yan, T., Fu, X., Wang, Y., Luo, D., & Zhang, Q. (2024). Homogenate-ultrasonic pretreatment followed by microwave hydrodistillation of essential oil from rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) leaves: Kinetic, chemical composition, and biological activity. Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy  42, 101744. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scp.2024.101744
  • de Moura, C., Vieira do Carmo, M. A., Xu, Y.-Q., Azevedo, L., & Granato, D. (2024). Anthocyanin-rich extract from purple tea: Chemical stability, cellular antioxidant activity, and protection of human plasma. Current Research in Food Science  8, 100701. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crfs.2024.100701
  • Enaru, B., Drețcanu, G., Pop, T. D., Stǎnilǎ, A., & Diaconeasa, Z. (2021). Anthocyanins: Factors Affecting Their Stability and Degradation. Antioxidants  10(12), 1967. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10121967
  • Fernandez-Avalos, S., Gonzalez-Cruz, L., Flores-Martinez, N., & Bernardino-Nicanor, A. (2025). Development and validation of a prediction model for the extraction of total phenolic and its antioxidant activity from Dichondra argentea. Revista Mexicana de Ingeniería Química  24(1), Sim25450. https://doi.org/10.24275/rmiq/Sim25450
  • Figueroa-Garcia, E., Farias-Cervantes, V., Segura-Castruita, M., Andrade-Gonzalez, I., Montero-Cortés, M., & Chávez-Rodríguez, A. (2021). Using artificial neural networks in prediction of the drying process of foods that are rich in sugars. Revista Mexicana de Ingeniería Química  20(1), 161-171.
  • Fraterrigo Garofalo, S., Demichelis, F., Peletti, V., Picco, L., Tommasi, T., & Fino, D. (2024). Comparative study of polyphenol extraction using physical techniques and water as a solvent: a sustainable approach for the valorization of apple pomace. Environmental Science and Pollution Research  2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-34637-4
  • Gil-Martín, E., Forbes-Hernández, T., Romero, A., Cianciosi, D., Giampieri, F., & Battino, M. (2022). Influence of the extraction method on the recovery of bioactive phenolic compounds from food industry by-products. Food Chemistry  378, 131918. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131918
  • Gopan, V., Wins, K. L. D., & Surendran, A. (2018). Integrated ANN-GA Approach For Predictive Modeling And Optimization Of Grinding Parameters With Surface Roughness As The Response. Materials Today: Proceedings  5(5, Part 2), 12133-12141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2018.02.191
  • Hang, P. T. L., Ngan, L. T., Phuong, T. T. L., Thanh, N. L., Ishikawa-Ishiwata, Y., Hieu, D. M., & Thang, N. D. (2024). Natural Pigments from Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis and Peristrophe bivalvis (L.) Merr for Food Coloring. Journal of Food Quality  2024(1), 5282266. https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/5282266
  • Hiranpradith, V., Therdthai, N., Soontrunnarudrungsri, A., & Rungsuriyawiboon, O. (2025). Optimisation of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Total Phenolics and Flavonoids Content from Centella asiatica. Foods  14(2), 291. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14020291
  • Hu, Y., Yan, B., Chen, Z. S., Wang, L., Tang, W., & Huang, C. (2022). Recent Technologies for the Extraction and Separation of Polyphenols in Different Plants: A Review. Journal of Renewable Materials  10(6), 1471-1490. https://doi.org/10.32604/jrm.2022.018811
  • Huang, S.-M., Kuo, C.-H., Chen, C.-A., Liu, Y.-C., & Shieh, C.-J. (2017). RSM and ANN modeling-based optimization approach for the development of ultrasound-assisted liposome encapsulation of piceid. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry  36, 112-122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2016.11.016
  • Ji, D., Wang, Q., Lu, T., Ma, H., & Chen, X. (2022). The effects of ultrasonication on the phytochemicals, antioxidant, and polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase activities in coffee leaves. Food Chemistry  373, 131480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131480
  • Kasapoğlu, K. N., Demircan, E., Gültekin-Özgüven, M., Kruger, J., Frank, J., Arslaner, A., & Özçelik, B. (2022). Recovery of Polyphenols Using Pressurized Hot Water Extraction (PHWE) from Black Rosehip Followed by Encapsulation for Increased Bioaccessibility and Antioxidant Activity. Molecules  27(20), 6807. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27206807
  • Kumar, M., Saraf, R., Behera, S. K., Das, R., Aliveli, M., Sinharoy, A., Rene, E. R., Krishnaiah, R., & Pakshirajan, K. (2024). Development and optimization of a neural network model using genetic algorithm to predict the performance of a packed bed reactor treating sulphate-rich wastewater. Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering  10, 100793. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscee.2024.100793
  • Lau, H.-L., Wong, F. W. F., Rahman, R. N. Z. R. A., Mohamed, M. S., Ariff, A. B., & Hii, S.-L. (2023). Optimization of fermentation medium components by response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network hybrid with genetic algorithm (ANN-GA) for lipase production by Burkholderia cenocepacia ST8 using used automotive engine oil as substrate. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology  50, 102696. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2023.102696
  • Le, P. H., N., D. D., Q., H. T., T., T. T. T., & and Nguyen, V. (2023). Extraction and purification of anthocyanins from Peristrophe bivalvis (L.) Merr. leaf (Acanthaceae) using aqueous two-phase systems. Natural Product Research  37(1), 154-158. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2021.1952203
  • Loan, L., Vinh, B., & Tai, N. (2024). Impact of ultrasound-assisted process on enzymatic extraction of polyphenols from purple rice bran in Vietnam: Experimental kinetics and innovative artificial approach. Revista Mexicana de Ingeniería Química  23(3), Alim24310. https://doi.org/10.24275/rmiq/Alim24310
  • Loan, L. T. K., Thao, L. T. N., Vinh, B. T., Mansamut, C., & Tai, N. V. (2025). Enhancing antioxidant extraction efficiency from red dragon fruit peel by green approach using novel optimization technique. Current Research in Green and Sustainable Chemistry  11, 100474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crgsc.2025.100474
  • Loan, L. T. K., Thuy, N. M., & Van Tai, N. (2023). Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Antioxidant Compounds from “Cẩm” Purple Rice Bran for Modulation of Starch Digestion. International Journal of Food Science  2023, 1086185. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/1086185
  • Luangsakul, N., Kunyanee, K., Kusumawardani, S., & Ngo, T. V. (2025). Intelligent model and optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of antioxidants and amylase enzyme from Gnaphalium affine D. Don. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry  112, 107162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2024.107162
  • Luong, T. T. H., & Poeaim, S. (2024). Multi-objective optimization of lignocellulolytic enzyme cocktail production from Pseudolagarobasidium acaciicola TDW-48 by artificial neural network-genetic algorithm (ANN-GA) strategy and its application in lignocellulose waste bioconversion. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-024-05802-z
  • Mehta, N., S, J., Kumar, P., Verma, A. K., Umaraw, P., Khatkar, S. K., Khatkar, A. B., Pathak, D., Kaka, U., & Sazili, A. Q. (2022). Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction and the Encapsulation of Bioactive Components for Food Applications. Foods  11(19), 2973. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11192973
  • Molaveisi, M., Beigbabaei, A., Akbari, E., Noghabi, M. S., & Mohamadi, M. (2019). Kinetics of temperature effect on antioxidant activity, phenolic compounds and color of Iranian jujube honey. Heliyon  5(1), e01129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01129
  • Muangrat, R. (2023). Optimizing Ultrasound Probe Extraction for Anthocyanin and Phenolic Content from Purple Waxy Corn’s Dried Cobs: Impact of Extraction Temperature and Time. Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science Journal  11(2), 830-843. https://dx.doi.org/10.12944/CRNFSJ.11.2.32
  • Ngoc Nhon, H. T., Diem My, N. T., Tuong Vi, V. N., Kim Lien, P. T., Thao Minh, N. T., Doan Duy, L. N., Hong Anh, L. T., & Anh Dao, D. T. (2022). Enhancement of extraction effectiveness and stability of anthocyanin from Hibiscus sabdariffa L. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research  10, 100408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2022.100408
  • Oancea, S. (2021). A Review of the Current Knowledge of Thermal Stability of Anthocyanins and Approaches to Their Stabilization to Heat. Antioxidants  10(9), 1337. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10091337
  • Plaskova, A., & Mlcek, J. (2023). New insights of the application of water or ethanol-water plant extract rich in active compounds in food. Frontiers in Nutrition  10, 1118761. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2023.1118761
  • Qayyum Khan, A., Ahmad Awan, H., Rasul, M., Ahmad Siddiqi, Z., & Pimanmas, A. (2023). Optimized artificial neural network model for accurate prediction of compressive strength of normal and high strength concrete. Clean Mater  10, 100211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clema.2023.100211
  • Sasidharan, S., Chen, Y., Saravanan, D., Sundram, K. M., & Yoga Latha, L. (2011). Extraction, isolation and characterization of bioactive compounds from plants' extracts. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines  8(1), 1-10.
  • Sgarro, G. A., Grilli, L., & Santoro, D. (2024). Optimal multivariate mixture: a genetic algorithm approach. Annals of Operations Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-024-06045-x
  • Susaimanickam, A., Manickam, P., & Joseph, A. A. (2023). A Comprehensive Review on RSM-Coupled Optimization Techniques and Its Applications. Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering  30(8), 4831-4853. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11831-023-09963-4
  • Thuy, N. M., Giau, T. N., Hao, H. V., Minh, V. Q., & Tai, N. V. (2024). Artificial intelligence optimization for producing high quality foam-mat dried tomato powder and its application in nutritional soup. Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering  10, 101005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscee.2024.101005
  • Thuy, N. M., Han, D. H. N., Minh, V. Q., & Van Tai, N. (2022). Effect of extraction methods and temperature preservation on total anthocyanins compounds of Peristrophe bivalvis L. Merr leaf. Journal of Applied Biology and Biotechnology  10, 146-153. https://doi,org/10.7324/JABB.2022.100218
  • Thuy, N. M., Hao, H. V., Giau, T. N., Minh, V. Q., & Tai, N. V. (2025). Mathematical and artificial neural network modeling for describing the infrared drying process of Moringa oleifera leaves and evaluation of product quality. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery  15(16), 23199-23209. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-025-06731-1
  • Van Tai, N., Linh, M. N., & Thuy, N. M. (2021). Optimization of extraction conditions of phytochemical compounds in “Xiem” banana peel powder using response surface methodology. Journal of Applied Biology and Biotechnology  9(6), 56-62. https://doi.org/10.7324/JABB.2021.9607
  • Van Tai, N., & Luangsakul, N. (2025). A Kinetic Study on Starch Digestibility and Polyphenol Release of Different Physically Modified Riceberry Flours during In Vitro Stimulated Gastrointestinal Digestion. Key Engineering Materials  1019, 59-66. https://doi.org/10.4028/p-4NTd6C
  • Van Tai, N., Van Hao, H., Han, T. T. N., Giau, T. N., Thuy, N. M., & Van Thanh, N. (2024). Effect of foaming conditions and drying temperatures on total polyphenol content and drying rate of foam-mat dried banana powder: Modeling and optimization study. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research  18, 101352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2024.101352
  • Wani, K. M., & Uppaluri, R. V. S. (2023). Comparative efficacy of ultrasound-assisted and hot water extraction of papaya leaves. Journal of Herbal Medicine  42, 100809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hermed.2023.100809
  • Weremfo, A., Abassah-Oppong, S., Adulley, F., Dabie, K., & Seidu-Larry, S. (2023). Response surface methodology as a tool to optimize the extraction of bioactive compounds from plant sources. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture  103(1), 26-36. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.12121
  • Xue, H., Zhao, J., Wang, Y., Shi, Z., Xie, K., Liao, X., & Tan, J. (2024). Factors affecting the stability of anthocyanins and strategies for improving their stability: A review. Food Chemistry: X  24, 101883. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fochx.2024.101883
  • Xue, J., & Yin, Y. (2024). Plant-Based Food: From Nutritional Value to Health Benefits. Foods  13(22), 3595. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13223595